Jim, I think your draft is very exciting and the specificity of detail is important. You include much information in a compact readable format. And where do we go from here? Lori Castner ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jim Bliss" <jamescbliss@xxxxxxxxx> To: <optacon-l@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Monday, January 26, 2009 8:43 AM Subject: [optacon-l] Re: Optacon article from January 2009 Braille Forum > Mary, > Thanks for sending the Optacon article. It inspired me to write the > following draft of new Optacon ideas. I would be interested in any > feedback > from the Listserv. > > Jim Bliss > > *New Optacon Design Ideas* > > *by James C. Bliss* > > *1/26/09* > > * * > > The Optacon was designed in the late sixties at the dawn of > integrated circuits, silicon photocell arrays, and before microprocessors. > The > design was based on extensive experiments with human subjects, blind and > sighted, that used computer simulation of various designs to determine the > most effective for reading text. > > The final design incorporated a novel array of tactile stimulators > composed > of piezoelectric reeds, or bimorphs, a custom integrated array of silicon > photocells, and custom integrated circuits of shift register/bimorph > drivers. > > The custom integrated circuits and unique piezoelectric reeds, > together with the small market, made the Optacon a difficult product to > source parts and manufacture. However, for those that mastered its use, > the > Optacon filled an essential need. Even though the Optacon has been out of > production for over fifteen years, there are still over 150 avid users > trying to maintain their Optacons and demanding a new Optacon. > > Now, almost 40 years after the original Optacon design, > advances > in technology make possible a new Optacon design that could have greater > resolution, be easier to learn and use, and could have features that would > greatly extend the applications of use. > > To reach the widest possible market, it is important to keep > the > simplicity of the original Optacon while enabling new capabilities and > applications. Below are my thoughts on design possibilities that could be > considered. Not all of these ideas may be worth developing, but > considering > them to assign priorities could help the process toward a new Optacon. > > > > I. Resolution and Field of View > > The original Optacon was designed around an array of 24 rows > and > 6 columns of pixels that drove a corresponding array of 24 rows and 6 > columns of bimorph tactile stimulators. The 24 by 6 was based on tests > with human subjects that indicated this was the minimum number of pixels > for > reading and tracking text at a practical speed. Actually, if you consider > 24 pixels across a 0.1 inch letterspace, this is equivalent to only 240 > dots/inch compared to the 300 dots/inch typically considered to be the > minimum needed for OCR. Also, the Optacon's 24 pixels across a 0.1 inch > letterspace is equivalent to a visual resolution of only 20/40. > > In addition, reading with an Optacon requires the user to move > the hand held camera along a line of text. The limited field of view of > the > Optacon camera requires this scan to be very precise; else the images of > the > text are cut off. So reading would be easier and faster if the field of > view of a new design could be greater, thereby relaxing the precision > needed > for line tracking. > > Thus, for ease of tracking and reading a wider range of text > fonts and text quality, more pixels would certainly be better, analogous > to > the greatly enhanced picture quality resulting from the recent television > change from a 480 line interlaced scan to a 1080 progressive line scan. > > Fortunately, advances in technology make an improved resolution > and field of view possible at a reasonable cost. Therefore, I believe > that > a goal of basing a new design on 36 vertical pixels to provide both > improved > resolution and greater field of view should be considered. > > Unfortunately, the Optacon II, which was designed by Canon, had > only a 20 by 5 array. This reduction in resolution and field of view was > one of the reasons reading is more difficult with it. > > In the original Optacon design, the pixels were not square, but > rectangles that were twice as wide as they were high. This is because > when > camera is moved along a horizontal line of text the letterspace is sampled > in the vertical direction, but an analog signal is obtained horizontally > across the letterspace. All of the image information can be obtained from > one column of pixels moved horizontally across the letterspace. However, > tests with human subjects clearly showed that reading accuracy increased > as > more columns were added. > > Based on these considerations, I suggest that a new design have > 12 columns across the same horizontal field of view as the original > Optacon. > Thus, the newly designed Optacon's pixels would be square, with the > vertical > and horizontal resolutions being the same. The 36 by 12 array would > increase the number of pixels to 432, compared to the 144 in the original > Optacon, perhaps justifying a name for the new model as "Optacon HD" for > "high definition". > > > > > > II. Tactile Array > > In the past 40 years, there have been some significant advances > in piezoelectric materials. Several years > > ago there was a study at Stanford University that indicated the bimorph > reeds in the Optacon tactile array could be half as long as in the > original > design. This would allow incorporating the increased number of bimorphs > in > approximately the same space as before. > > A complaint about the Optacon has been the noise that it makes. > This noise comes from the bimorphs, which are being driven by a 250Hz > square > wave, a frequency of maximum tactile sensitivity. This provides a strong > tactile sensation. The bimorph reeds were designed to be at near > resonance > at this frequency to consume a minimum amount of power from the battery. > After > the Optacon design was finalized and production had begun, we discovered > this noise was greatly reduced if the bimorphs are driven with a 250Hz > sine > wave instead of a square wave. This is because the human ear is much more > sensitive to the harmonics of a square wave than to the fundamental 250 Hz > frequency. However, we never had the opportunity to test whether there > was > any detrimental effect on the tactile sensation when a sine wave drive is > used instead of a square wave. In a new design this should be tested and > the sine wave used if desirable. > > At Telesensory the assembly of the tactile array was labor > intensive requiring considerable skill. Modern manufacturing techniques > including robotics could help reduce this cost. > > > > III. Retina Module > > When the Optacon was designed, no suitable integrated solid > state arrays of photocells were available, so a custom design was > developed > in the Stanford Laboratories. Finding and maintaining sources for this > custom part at the relatively low quantities needed made Optacon > production > difficult and expensive. Now integrated solid state arrays of photocells > are widely used in digital cameras, web cams, cell phones, etc. Thus in a > new design, a standard off-the-shelf part should be used if at all > possible. > > > > IV. Lens Modules > > The original Optacon lens is not a true zoom lens because only > the lens is moved to change the magnification. This meant that the image > is > only in true focus at two points along the zoom range and out of focus at > the ends and middle of the zoom range. The amount of out of focus is > sufficiently small to not be a problem given the low resolution of the > original Optacon retina. Because of the increased resolution I'm > suggesting > in a new design, a better zoom system will be required. Actually, one of > the Optacon prototypes built at SRI and Stanford did have a zoom system > that > moved both the lens and the retina to keep the image in true focus. This > did not change the size of the camera and would not be a significant > increase in cost after tooling for production. > > Various lens modules, such as the typing attachment and CRT > screen module, were very important for the Optacon market because they > increased employment applications. While these particular accessory lens > modules are not as important today, others could be developed for > producing > handwriting, reading LCD screens, viewing and taking pictures at a > distance, > etc. > > In addition to image signals from the Optacon camera, an > independent signal indicating camera movement should be considered. While > sometimes this can be derived from the camera images, there may be > situations in which it may be desirable to have signals from the lens > module > rollers. > > > > V. Electronics > > Since the original Optacon was designed before microprocessors, > the electronics did not include a microprocessor, however Optacon II did > and > any future designs most certainly would. In addition, a new design could > include some image storage as well as a port for an external memory > stick. This > would enable camera scans to be stored for later retrieval and/or further > processing on a PC. > > OCR and synthetic speech capability could be built into the > Optacon electronics. These capabilities, together with the storage > capability, means that the new design would need to have file handling and > other software built-in. > > A very important control on an Optacon is the threshold, which > determines the photocell signal level between black and white. Especially > for poor quality print and for different colored print, how the threshold > is > set can determine whether the text is readable or not. For precision > threshold setting, I think this part of the circuitry should be analog > with > a high resolution potentiometer. Unfortunately, in Optacon II this > control > was digital with too few bits for precision. > > In addition to threshold and tactile stimulator intensity, > there > would need to be some additional controls, or buttons, similar to those on > a > "point and shoot" digital camera, for deleting images from storage, > cycling > through a menu, etc. > > > > VI. Ports > > A new design could have a port for the camera (possibly > wireless), a port for power (batteries could be charged in the Optacon or > on > a separate charging station), a port for a memory stick, and a USB port > for > sending camera images to a PC, for enabling the PC to write on the tactile > array, and for enabling new software to be installed in the Optacon. > > > > VII. Battery > > The Optacon II design was an improvement in battery convenience > over the original Optacon and a new Optacon design could improve things > further. A system with readily available batteries that the user could > easily replace and charge should be the goal. > > > > VIII. Packaging > > The Optacon II design was an improvement in packaging over the > original Optacon and a new Optacon design could improve things further. > > > > IX. PC Software for the Optacon > > By providing a new Optacon with a USB port where camera images > can be transferred to a PC and the PC can write tactile images on the > Optacon means that the basic simplicity of the Optacon can be maintained > while providing the possibility of adding many new features for expanding > Optacon use. Some examples are: > > > > A. Optacon Reading Lessons and Speed Building > > Optacon training was essential in producing so many people that > were successful in Optacon use. Teaching someone to use an Optacon > effectively was a labor intensive process. The most successful Optacon > training programs involved one teacher full time for every student for > several weeks. Since the seventies when these programs started, labor > costs > have dramatically increased relative to the cost of technology. > > However, with the widespread availability and increased > capability of PCs, it is now feasible to develop software that could > automate at least part of the training process. The PC could write > letters, > words, and text on the Optacon tactile screen, build speed by presenting > these at various rates, test student progress, and provide feedback > through > synthetic speech. > > > > B. Speech and Braille Output > > By OCR processing the images from scans from the Optacon > camera, > the PC could provide speech or Braille output. Several tactile > stimulators > could be combined to simulate a Braille dot on the Optacon's tactile > screen. > Speech and Braille files could be stored in the PC in addition to image > files. > > > > C. Optacon Screen Reader Software > > Optacon screen reader software could be developed in which > images from the PC screen were displayed on the Optacon tactile array. > The > PC mouse could be used to move the field of view of the tactile image > around > on the screen. This could be particularly useful in understanding screen > layout, viewing graphics on the screen, and in formatting documents. > > > > X. Conclusion > > I believe that developing and disseminating a new Optacon along > the lines described here would significantly enhance the educational and > vocational opportunities, as well a personal independence, of blind people > around the world. I've described a design that would preserve the basic > simplicity of the original Optacon, greatly improve the quality of the > tactile image, and make tracking along a line of text easier. By adding > the > capabilities of memory storage and communication with a PC, new features > could be developed to make reading easier and faster through speech and > Braille, and that would expand Optacon applications. These design ideas > need to be evaluated by the blindness community. > > My guess is that the development of this basic Optacon alone > could cost several million dollars. (The PC software and other > accessories > could be developed later by third parties.) However, the relatively small > market coupled with the cost of development and the difficulties of > selling > to this market will discourage private companies from taking on such a > project. The situation is analogous to that with low incidence diseases > where biopharmaceutical companies don't develop treatments unless there is > some consideration such as "orphan drug status". > > The hope for bringing back a new Optacon might rest on > obtaining > grant support for development and dissemination from private foundations > or > government. For this to be viable would require strong support from the > blindness community and leadership from an organization with the > capability > of accomplishing the task. > > > > > On Sun, Jan 25, 2009 at 5:40 PM, Mary Emerson > <maryemerson@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>wrote: > >> Here it is, below. >> PLEASE BRING BACK THE OPTACON! >> by Pam Coffey >> >> For many years, my faithful print-reading aid was the Optacon, >> distributed >> by Telesensory Systems, then in Palo Alto, Calif. For those of you who >> are >> relatively >> new to blindness issues, this was a tactile scanner. Weighing about four >> pounds, it was extremely portable. It had a rechargeable battery pack and >> AC >> adapter, >> making it usable when the power went out or you were far from an >> electrical >> outlet. It was unusually dependable (my Optacon had to be repaired only >> three >> times), and it was incredibly versatile. >> >> To use this device, you placed the camera, which wasn't much larger than >> a >> finger, onto what you wanted to read. The camera, connected to the main >> unit >> by a long cable, picked up what was directly underneath it, and the >> electronics within the main unit converted it into tactile vibrations >> according to >> the shape of the character under the camera. The vibrations registered on >> a >> little plate, called the array, which was in the main unit. You moved the >> camera >> with your right hand and read the vibrations with your left index finger. >> The reading was quite slow -- you read only one character at a time -- >> and >> considerable >> training was required in order to use the device. But increased >> proficiency >> came with experience, and the rewards were great, because you had >> absolute >> control over what you read. >> >> Because the camera rested on the material to be read, you could read >> things >> that were curved, such as labels on soup cans or medicine bottles, >> without >> first >> removing the label. You could make adjustments for the size, color, and >> boldness of the print, as well as for the intensity of the vibrations. If >> the text >> was complicated by graphics, insets, sidebars and other such things, >> you -- >> and not the machine -- decided how best to deal with them. While you >> might >> not be able to decipher the minute details of a picture, you could >> determine its size, shape, and other basic characteristics. Because the >> device did not >> talk to you, your imagination gave voice to what you read, as it does >> when >> you read braille or a sighted person reads print. >> >> When you turned the machine on, you didn't have to wait for it to warm >> up, >> and you didn't have to wait for it to scan an entire page -- it was "read >> as >> you go." There was even an optional magnifying lens for extremely small >> print, and an optional typewriter attachment which enabled you to read >> what >> you >> were typing. >> >> When, in October of 2003, my 26-year-old Optacon let me know that it >> needed >> a fourth repair, I discovered that not only were they no longer being >> made, >> but also that no one was servicing them. Therefore, because I am always >> needing access to printed materials, my only choice (since I am not a >> computer >> geek) was to invest in one of the new-fangled speech-output stand- alone >> scanners. I finally decided on one that was relatively small (about 14 >> pounds), >> and that didn't require a technician to set it up. This was important, as >> I >> would soon move from a fair-sized house into an apartment, and because I >> am >> not much of a techie. >> >> I soon found myself at the mercy of the machine. I waited for it to boot >> up, then waited for it to scan a whole page, then, once I was reading, I >> hoped >> it didn't decide to power down by itself or the power wouldn't go out and >> I'd lose what I was reading. Because the material lays on a flat screen, >> it >> must >> be perfectly flat in order to be read properly -- which means peeling the >> label off the soup can. If the material has those complications mentioned >> above, >> you either endure a considerable wait for everything to process, or you >> are >> given an announcement such as "no text is recognizable." Also, you have >> no >> way of knowing how the material is laid out on the page, and things >> really >> get interesting if the page is larger than the screen. In that case, I >> scan >> part of it at a time, then jump back and forth between the segments -- >> possible, but often exasperating. This was not an issue with the Optacon. >> As >> long >> as the cable would reach, it made no difference. >> >> True, you can read faster with the newer machines, but only when no >> quirks >> appear and no scanning delays occur. And yes, you can save material for >> later >> use with these machines, which is nice and often convenient, but if the >> power surges while you are feeding the material in, you lose it. In >> addition, you >> cannot use them without electricity. While, overall, the reading voices >> of >> these scanners are very good, they sometimes have difficulty dealing with >> regional >> dialects, foreign words, and abbreviations which can be used for several >> different words (e.g., Dr. can mean "doctor" or "drive"). The machine >> chooses >> one interpretation for an abbreviation, when the text might refer to the >> other. In addition, you may get the same announcement when a page is >> utterly >> blank >> as you do when it is totally covered by a non-captioned picture. With the >> Optacon, on the other hand, if the page was blank, the array didn't >> vibrate >> at >> all. If the page was covered by a graphic, the whole array might vibrate. >> >> Finally, there is the dependability issue. Because the newer, more >> computer-like scanners are so complex, there are more things that can go >> wrong with them. >> After less than two years, my speech-output scanner had to go across the >> country for repairs, and then two more times over the next seven and a >> half >> months. >> In light of this inconvenience, I invested in a second scanner (of a >> different brand) in order to have a backup. This second scanner then >> became >> my main >> one. Three months after the warranty expired, it had to go to a >> neighboring >> state for repairs -- then again after another six months. Because these >> scanners >> are larger, shipping them for repairs is quite expensive. My Optacon, on >> the other hand, only needed its first repair after seven years. >> >> Now don't get me wrong; I am grateful for any means of being able to read >> print, but as one who always preferred braille over talking books, I feel >> that >> I (and others of the same persuasion) should be given a choice as to how >> we >> all read printed materials. My plea: Someone out there with the know-how >> to >> do so, please bring back the Optacon! >> >> to view the list archives, go to: >> >> www.freelists.org/archives/optacon-l >> >> To unsubscribe at any time, just send a message to: >> >> optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" (without the >> quotes) in the message subject. >> >> Tell your friends about the list. They can subscribe by sending a >> message >> to: >> >> optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "subscribe" (without the >> quotes) in the message subject. >> >> > > > to view the list archives, go to: > > www.freelists.org/archives/optacon-l > > To unsubscribe at any time, just send a message to: > > optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" (without the > quotes) in the message subject. > > Tell your friends about the list. They can subscribe by sending a message > to: > > optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "subscribe" (without the > quotes) in the message subject. > to view the list archives, go to: www.freelists.org/archives/optacon-l To unsubscribe at any time, just send a message to: optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" (without the quotes) in the message subject. Tell your friends about the list. They can subscribe by sending a message to: optacon-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "subscribe" (without the quotes) in the message subject.