Even Armadillo was able to hover. Masten as well. On Fri, 17 Oct 2014 00:38:03 -0700, George Herbert wrote: For some reason I jump straight to a single centerline hybrid with cold nitrous gas attitude control, but each to their own... George William Herbert Sent from my iPhone On Oct 16, 2014, at 2:44 PM, "Troy Prideaux" wrote: * Jon, You’re thinking in liquid mode ie. LOX. You need to think monoprop oxidizers eg. Nitrous or Peroxide. If you look at Nitrous:PE for example, the performance for O:F ratios between 5:1 to 10:1 is pretty much the same. The internal bond energy of the oxidizer provides a significant portion of the propulsion energy. Saying that, I generally agree that typical hybrids aren’t suited for this application although if your expertise is in hybrids and you’re really comfortable with them… Troy ..Because once you've done all the work to figure out how to do fire and throttle valves, building another set with slightly different characteristics is just too hard. Much easier to deal with a chamber that changes geometry throughout the burn, and where you have no real control over mixing efficiency. I mean, cool if they can pull it off, but I've got to scratch my head on why they'd do it that way. There *are* places where hybrids might make sense, but I have a hard time believing a hovering vehicle is one of them. Unless bobbing around like crazy in a semi-controlled fashion is good enough. Sorry if that came off overly negative, I just wonder about people's design choices sometimes. ~Jon On Thu, Oct 16, 2014 at 8:12 AM, Mark C Spiegl wrote: I have no connection with these guys. They're building an LLC type vehicle using hybrid rocket motors instead of biprop. http://www.spartanproject.eu --MCS .